"""Gate workflow-file pushes on human approval."""
from __future__ import annotations
import asyncio
import hashlib
import json
import logging
import os
import re
import shlex
import threading
from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Mapping
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any
from langchain.agents.middleware.types import AgentMiddleware, AgentState
from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage
from langgraph.config import get_config
from langgraph.prebuilt.tool_node import ToolCallRequest
from langgraph.types import Command
from ..dashboard.workflow_approval import (
ensure_workflow_push_pending,
find_workflow_push_approval,
mark_workflow_push_notified,
workflow_push_approved,
workflow_push_rejected,
)
from ..tools.slack_thread_reply import build_workflow_approval_blocks
from ..utils.github_app import (
BASE_RUNTIME_PROXY_TOKEN_PERMISSIONS,
RUNTIME_PROXY_TOKEN_PERMISSIONS,
WORKFLOW_RUNTIME_PROXY_TOKEN_PERMISSIONS,
)
from ..utils.github_proxy import refresh_proxy_token
from ..utils.sandbox_state import SANDBOX_BACKENDS
from ..utils.slack import post_slack_thread_reply_with_ts
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
_WORKFLOW_PREFIX = ".github/workflows/"
_SHELL_OPERATORS = {";", "|", "||", "&"}
_REF_NAME = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9._/@+-]+$")
_GIT_OBJECT_ID = re.compile(r"^[0-9a-fA-F]{40,64}$")
_UNSAFE_RAW_COMMAND = re.compile(r"[;|`$<>\n\r]")
# Command wrappers that can prefix a `git` invocation (e.g. `command git push`,
# `env FOO=bar git push`, `/usr/bin/git push`). Recognized so a wrapped or path-qualified
# git push cannot slip past the guard as "not a git command".
_GIT_WRAPPERS = {"command", "env", "nice", "sudo", "stdbuf", "nohup", "time", "ionice", "setsid"}
class _BlockedGitPush:
"""Sentinel returned by the parser when a git push command is unsafe or unrecognized."""
__slots__ = ("reason",)
def __init__(self, reason: str) -> None:
self.reason = reason
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class ParsedGitPush:
repo_dir: str | None
remote: str
local_ref: str
remote_ref: str
set_upstream: bool = False
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class WorkflowPushChange:
fingerprint: str
repo: str
branch: str
files: list[str]
head_sha: str
remote: str
local_ref: str
remote_ref: str
fixed_command: str
base_sha: str = ""
blocked: bool = False
blocked_reason: str = ""
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class GitInspectResult:
output: str
ok: bool
def _tool_name(request: ToolCallRequest) -> str | None:
tool_call = getattr(request, "tool_call", None)
if isinstance(tool_call, Mapping):
name = tool_call.get("name")
return name if isinstance(name, str) else None
return None
def _tool_args(request: ToolCallRequest) -> dict[str, Any]:
tool_call = getattr(request, "tool_call", None)
args = tool_call.get("args") if isinstance(tool_call, Mapping) else None
return dict(args) if isinstance(args, Mapping) else {}
def _tool_call_id(request: ToolCallRequest) -> str | None:
tool_call = getattr(request, "tool_call", None)
if isinstance(tool_call, Mapping):
value = tool_call.get("id")
return value if isinstance(value, str) else None
return None
def _config(request: ToolCallRequest) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
runtime_config = getattr(getattr(request, "runtime", None), "config", None)
if isinstance(runtime_config, Mapping):
return runtime_config
try:
config = get_config()
except Exception:
return {}
return config if isinstance(config, Mapping) else {}
def _configurable(request: ToolCallRequest) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
config = _config(request)
configurable = config.get("configurable")
return configurable if isinstance(configurable, Mapping) else {}
def _thread_id(request: ToolCallRequest) -> str | None:
thread_id = _configurable(request).get("thread_id")
return thread_id if isinstance(thread_id, str) and thread_id else None
def _backend(thread_id: str | None) -> Any | None:
return SANDBOX_BACKENDS.get(thread_id) if thread_id else None
def _response_output(response: Any) -> str:
output = getattr(response, "output", None)
if isinstance(output, str):
return output
if isinstance(response, Mapping):
value = response.get("output")
if isinstance(value, str):
return value
return str(response or "")
def _response_ok(response: Any) -> bool:
exit_code = getattr(response, "exit_code", None)
if isinstance(exit_code, int):
return exit_code == 0
if isinstance(response, Mapping):
value = response.get("exit_code")
if isinstance(value, int):
return value == 0
return True
def _parse_git_push(command: str) -> ParsedGitPush | _BlockedGitPush | None:
stripped = command.strip()
if _UNSAFE_RAW_COMMAND.search(stripped) or "&" in stripped.replace("&&", ""):
return _BlockedGitPush("unsafe shell characters in git push command")
try:
tokens = shlex.split(stripped)
except ValueError:
return _BlockedGitPush("unparseable git push command")
if not tokens:
return None
if len(tokens) >= 4 and tokens[0] == "cd" and tokens[2] == "&&":
if any(token in _SHELL_OPERATORS or token == "&&" for token in tokens[3:]):
return _BlockedGitPush("chained shell commands in git push")
return _parse_git_tokens(tokens[3:], repo_dir=tokens[1])
if any(token in _SHELL_OPERATORS or token == "&&" for token in tokens):
return _BlockedGitPush("chained shell commands")
return _parse_git_tokens(tokens, repo_dir=None)
def _parse_git_tokens(
tokens: list[str], *, repo_dir: str | None
) -> ParsedGitPush | _BlockedGitPush | None:
"""Parse tokens into a supported git push, a block sentinel, or None.
Recognizes bareword `git`, path invocations (`/usr/bin/git`), and wrapper-prefixed
forms (`command`/`env`/`nice`/... git). Anything git-push-shaped that cannot be reduced
to `git [-C
] push [-u] origin ` fails closed to a block rather than a
silent pass-through. Non-push git commands and non-git commands return None.
"""
git_idx = next((idx for idx, tok in enumerate(tokens) if tok.rsplit("/", 1)[-1] == "git"), None)
if git_idx is None:
return None
git_args = tokens[git_idx + 1 :]
if "push" not in git_args:
# A non-push git command (e.g. `git status`, `git pull`).
return None
# Everything before the `git` executable must be a benign wrapper prefix (a known
# wrapper, an option flag, or a NAME=VALUE assignment). An unrecognized leading token
# (a value-taking wrapper option like the `10` in `nice -n 10`, an unknown wrapper, or
# `git` used as an argument to another program) is ambiguous, so fail closed.
if any(
not (tok in _GIT_WRAPPERS or tok.startswith("-") or "=" in tok) for tok in tokens[:git_idx]
):
return _BlockedGitPush(
"unrecognized wrapper before `git push`; use `git push origin `"
)
i = 0
while i < len(git_args) and git_args[i] != "push":
if git_args[i] == "-C" and i + 1 < len(git_args):
repo_dir = git_args[i + 1]
i += 2
continue
# A git push carrying unsupported global options (e.g. `git -c k=v push`,
# `git --git-dir=.git push`). We cannot safely normalize it, so fail closed.
return _BlockedGitPush(
"unsupported git options before `push`; use `git push origin `"
)
return _parse_push_args(git_args[i + 1 :], repo_dir=repo_dir)
def _parse_push_args(
tokens: list[str], *, repo_dir: str | None
) -> ParsedGitPush | _BlockedGitPush | None:
set_upstream = False
while tokens and tokens[0] in {"-u", "--set-upstream"}:
set_upstream = True
tokens = tokens[1:]
if len(tokens) != 2 or tokens[0] != "origin":
return _BlockedGitPush("unrecognized or unsafe git push arguments")
parsed = _parse_refspec(tokens[1])
if parsed is None:
return _BlockedGitPush("unrecognized or unsafe git push refspec")
local_ref, remote_ref = parsed
return ParsedGitPush(
repo_dir=repo_dir,
remote="origin",
local_ref=local_ref,
remote_ref=remote_ref,
set_upstream=set_upstream,
)
def _parse_refspec(refspec: str) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
if refspec.startswith("-") or ".." in refspec:
return None
if ":" in refspec:
parts = refspec.split(":")
if len(parts) != 2 or not parts[0] or not parts[1]:
return None
local_ref, remote_ref = parts
else:
local_ref = remote_ref = refspec
if not _safe_ref(local_ref, allow_head=True) or not _safe_ref(remote_ref, allow_head=False):
return None
return local_ref, remote_ref
def _safe_ref(ref: str, *, allow_head: bool) -> bool:
if allow_head and ref == "HEAD":
return True
if ref == "HEAD" or not _REF_NAME.fullmatch(ref):
return False
return not any(part in {"", ".", ".."} for part in ref.split("/"))
def _git_command(repo_dir: str | None, args: str) -> str:
if repo_dir:
return f"git -C {shlex.quote(repo_dir)} {args}"
return f"git {args}"
def _run_git(backend: Any, repo_dir: str | None, args: str) -> GitInspectResult:
try:
response = backend.execute(_git_command(repo_dir, args), timeout=30)
except Exception:
logger.debug("workflow push inspection failed for git %s", args, exc_info=True)
return GitInspectResult("", False)
return GitInspectResult(_response_output(response).strip(), _response_ok(response))
def _first_line(text: str) -> str:
for line in text.splitlines():
stripped = line.strip()
if stripped:
return stripped
return ""
def _normalize_remote(remote: str) -> str:
value = remote.strip()
if value.endswith(".git"):
value = value[:-4]
value = re.sub(r"^https://[^/@]+@github\.com/", "https://github.com/", value)
value = re.sub(r"^git@github\.com:", "https://github.com/", value)
return value
def _fingerprint(payload: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
encoded = json.dumps(payload, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
return hashlib.sha256(encoded).hexdigest()
def _run_coroutine_sync(coro: Awaitable[ToolMessage | Command]) -> ToolMessage | Command:
try:
asyncio.get_running_loop()
except RuntimeError:
return asyncio.run(coro)
result: dict[str, ToolMessage | Command | BaseException] = {}
def target() -> None:
try:
result["value"] = asyncio.run(coro)
except BaseException as exc: # noqa: BLE001
result["value"] = exc
thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
thread.start()
thread.join()
value = result["value"]
if isinstance(value, BaseException):
raise value
return value
def _parse_ls_tree(output: str) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
"""Parse `git ls-tree -r` output into a sorted list of (sha, path) tuples."""
entries: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
for line in output.splitlines():
line = line.strip()
if not line:
continue
# Format: " \t"
meta, _, path = line.partition("\t")
if not path:
continue
parts = meta.split()
if len(parts) < 3:
continue
entries.append((parts[2], path))
entries.sort(key=lambda item: item[1])
return entries
def _workflow_tree_at_ref(
backend: Any, repo_dir: str | None, ref: str
) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, str]], str] | None:
"""Return the sorted workflow tree entries and a stable hash for the given ref.
Returns an empty list when the ref has no workflow files, so callers can detect
additions and deletions against a base ref.
"""
ls_tree = _run_git(backend, repo_dir, f"ls-tree -r {shlex.quote(ref)} -- .github/workflows")
if not ls_tree.ok:
return None
entries = _parse_ls_tree(ls_tree.output)
content_hash = _fingerprint({"tree": entries})
return entries, content_hash
def _fetch_remote_base(backend: Any, repo_dir: str | None, remote: str, branch: str) -> str | None:
"""Fetch the base ref from the exact URL the push will target and return a local alias.
The base is fetched from the remote's effective *push* URL (`git remote get-url --push`),
not the remote name, because git honors a separate `pushurl`: an untrusted sandbox can
point the fetch URL at attacker/local content while the push still lands on the real
repo. Fetching the base from the push URL keeps the base and the push destination the
same authenticated repo, so a split cannot hide a workflow change. Uses `FETCH_HEAD`
(freshly fetched), never a local `refs/remotes/origin/*` ref the sandbox could rewrite.
Returns None (which makes the caller require approval) if the push destination is
ambiguous or rewritten: multiple `pushurl` entries (git pushes to ALL of them, so a
single base cannot represent the destination) or any `insteadOf`/`pushInsteadOf` URL
rewrite the sandbox could use to make the inspected URL differ from the push target.
"""
rewrites = _run_git(
backend, repo_dir, "config --get-regexp " + shlex.quote(r"url\..*\.(push)?insteadof")
)
if rewrites.ok and rewrites.output.strip():
# A URL rewrite means the inspected push URL may not be the real destination.
return None
push_url_res = _run_git(backend, repo_dir, f"remote get-url --push --all {shlex.quote(remote)}")
push_urls = (
[line.strip() for line in push_url_res.output.splitlines() if line.strip()]
if push_url_res.ok
else []
)
# `git push` sends to every configured push URL; if there is not exactly one we cannot
# represent the destination with a single base, so fail closed.
if len(push_urls) != 1:
return None
push_url = push_urls[0]
fetch = _run_git(backend, repo_dir, f"fetch {shlex.quote(push_url)} {shlex.quote(branch)}")
if fetch.ok:
return "FETCH_HEAD"
default = _run_git(backend, repo_dir, f"ls-remote --symref {shlex.quote(push_url)} HEAD")
default_branch = ""
if default.ok:
default_branch = _first_line(default.output).removeprefix("ref: refs/heads/").split("\t")[0]
for fallback in (default_branch, "dev", "main"):
if not fallback or fallback == branch:
continue
fetch = _run_git(
backend, repo_dir, f"fetch {shlex.quote(push_url)} {shlex.quote(fallback)}"
)
if fetch.ok:
return "FETCH_HEAD"
return None
def _workflow_change_for_push(backend: Any, parsed: ParsedGitPush) -> WorkflowPushChange | None:
root_result = _run_git(backend, parsed.repo_dir, "rev-parse --show-toplevel")
if not root_result.ok:
return None
root = _first_line(root_result.output)
if not root:
return None
branch = _run_git(backend, root, "rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD")
branch_name = _first_line(branch.output) if branch.ok else ""
if not branch_name or branch_name == "HEAD" or parsed.remote_ref != branch_name:
return None
if parsed.local_ref not in {"HEAD", branch_name}:
return None
target_sha = _run_git(backend, root, f"rev-parse {shlex.quote(parsed.local_ref)}")
head = _first_line(target_sha.output) if target_sha.ok else ""
if not head or not _GIT_OBJECT_ID.fullmatch(head):
return None
head_tree = _workflow_tree_at_ref(backend, root, head)
if head_tree is None:
# The workflow tree at head could not be read (an empty tree returns ([], hash), so
# None means the `ls-tree` read genuinely failed). Fail closed rather than skipping
# the guard, mirroring the base-read path.
return WorkflowPushChange(
fingerprint="",
repo="",
branch=branch_name,
files=[],
head_sha=head,
remote=parsed.remote,
local_ref=parsed.local_ref,
remote_ref=parsed.remote_ref,
fixed_command="",
blocked=True,
blocked_reason="could not read the workflow tree at the pushed head; blocking to be safe",
)
base_ref = _fetch_remote_base(backend, root, parsed.remote, branch_name)
if base_ref is not None:
base_tree = _workflow_tree_at_ref(backend, root, base_ref)
if base_tree is not None and head_tree[0] == base_tree[0]:
# No workflow change against the trusted remote base.
return None
head_entries, head_content_hash = head_tree
files = sorted({path for _sha, path in head_entries})
remote = _run_git(backend, root, "config --get remote.origin.url")
repo = _normalize_remote(_first_line(remote.output)) if remote.ok else ""
fixed_refspec = f"{head}:refs/heads/{parsed.remote_ref}"
fixed_args = ["push"]
if parsed.set_upstream:
fixed_args.append("--set-upstream")
fixed_args.extend([parsed.remote, fixed_refspec])
fixed_command = _git_command(root, " ".join(shlex.quote(arg) for arg in fixed_args))
content_payload = {
"repo": repo,
"branch": branch_name,
"files": files,
"content_hash": head_content_hash,
}
return WorkflowPushChange(
fingerprint=_fingerprint(content_payload),
repo=repo,
branch=branch_name,
files=files,
head_sha=head,
remote=parsed.remote,
local_ref=parsed.local_ref,
remote_ref=parsed.remote_ref,
fixed_command=fixed_command,
)
def _blocked_message(
change: WorkflowPushChange,
*,
already_rejected: bool = False,
stale: bool = False,
blocked: bool = False,
) -> ToolMessage:
status = "rejected" if already_rejected else "approval_required"
if blocked:
error = change.blocked_reason or "This git push command is not recognized as safe."
error_type = "WorkflowPushBlocked"
elif stale:
error = (
"This git push includes GitHub workflow file changes. A previous approval "
"exists for the same branch and workflow files, but the workflow content "
"at the pushed head has changed since that approval (for example, a rebase "
"that changed the workflow files or an amend that edited them). The thread "
"owner must re-approve the new fingerprint before Open SWE can push it."
)
error_type = "WorkflowPushApprovalRequired"
else:
error = (
"This git push includes GitHub workflow file changes and requires human "
"approval before Open SWE can push it. Retry the same standalone git push "
"after the thread owner approves the workflow files."
)
error_type = "WorkflowPushApprovalRequired"
content = {
"status": "error",
"error_type": error_type,
"error": error,
"workflow_approval_status": status if not blocked else "blocked",
"fingerprint": change.fingerprint,
"files": change.files,
"repo": change.repo,
"branch": change.branch,
}
return ToolMessage(content=json.dumps(content), tool_call_id="", status="error")
def _tool_message_for_request(message: ToolMessage, request: ToolCallRequest) -> ToolMessage:
message.tool_call_id = _tool_call_id(request)
return message
def _override_execute_command(request: ToolCallRequest, command: str) -> ToolCallRequest:
tool_call = getattr(request, "tool_call", None)
if not isinstance(tool_call, Mapping):
return request
args = dict(_tool_args(request))
args["command"] = command
return request.override(tool_call={**dict(tool_call), "args": args})
def _approval_slack_message(change: WorkflowPushChange) -> str:
files = "\n".join(f"• `{path}`" for path in change.files[:10])
if len(change.files) > 10:
files += f"\n• …and {len(change.files) - 10} more"
repo = change.repo or "the repository"
branch = change.branch or "the current branch"
return (
"*Workflow file approval required*\n"
f"Open SWE is trying to push the workflow files below to `{repo}` on `{branch}`.\n\n"
f"*Files at the pushed head:*\n{files}\n\n"
f"*Fingerprint:* `{change.fingerprint}`\n\n"
"Approval covers the exact workflow files and content listed above at the pushed head, "
"including future rebases or amends that replay the same workflow tree. If the set of "
"workflow files, the branch, or the workflow-file content at the pushed head changes, "
"a new fingerprint will be required."
)
async def _post_slack_approval_if_needed(
request: ToolCallRequest, change: WorkflowPushChange, record: Mapping[str, Any]
) -> None:
if record.get("notified") is True:
return
configurable = _configurable(request)
slack_thread = configurable.get("slack_thread")
if not isinstance(slack_thread, Mapping):
return
channel_id = slack_thread.get("channel_id")
thread_ts = slack_thread.get("thread_ts")
if not isinstance(channel_id, str) or not isinstance(thread_ts, str):
return
message = _approval_slack_message(change)
message_ts, error = await post_slack_thread_reply_with_ts(
channel_id,
thread_ts,
message,
blocks=build_workflow_approval_blocks(message, change.fingerprint),
)
if message_ts and not error:
thread_id = _thread_id(request)
if thread_id:
await mark_workflow_push_notified(thread_id, change.fingerprint)
async def _approval_state(request: ToolCallRequest, change: WorkflowPushChange) -> str:
thread_id = _thread_id(request)
if not thread_id:
return "missing_thread"
try:
if await workflow_push_approved(thread_id, change.fingerprint):
return "approved"
if await workflow_push_rejected(thread_id, change.fingerprint):
return "rejected"
# If the exact identity fingerprint is not approved, check whether a prior
# approval covers the same (repo, branch, files) identity. If so, the workflow
# tree at the pushed head changed underneath the prior approval (rebase/amend
# that edited workflow files), so we surface a loud re-approval message rather
# than a fresh silent pending record.
prior = await find_workflow_push_approval(
thread_id,
repo=change.repo,
branch=change.branch,
files=change.files,
)
if prior is not None:
return "stale_approval"
record, _created = await ensure_workflow_push_pending(
thread_id,
fingerprint=change.fingerprint,
repo=change.repo,
branch=change.branch,
base_sha=change.base_sha,
head_sha=change.head_sha,
files=change.files,
)
await _post_slack_approval_if_needed(request, change, record)
return str(record.get("status") or "pending")
except Exception:
logger.exception("Failed to read or write workflow push approval state")
return "approval_error"
async def _run_with_workflow_token(
thread_id: str,
request: ToolCallRequest,
run: Callable[[], Awaitable[ToolMessage | Command]],
) -> ToolMessage | Command:
sandbox_type = os.getenv("SANDBOX_TYPE", "langsmith")
if sandbox_type != "langsmith":
return await run()
elevated = await refresh_proxy_token(
thread_id, permissions=WORKFLOW_RUNTIME_PROXY_TOKEN_PERMISSIONS
)
if not elevated:
logger.error(
"Workflow push approved for thread %s, but proxy token elevation to workflows:write "
"failed; the sandbox cannot push workflow files without an elevated token.",
thread_id,
)
error_message = ToolMessage(
content=json.dumps(
{
"status": "error",
"error_type": "WorkflowPushElevationFailed",
"error": (
"Workflow push approved, but the sandbox could not obtain a "
"workflows-scoped token. Please retry the push or check the "
"GitHub proxy / token minting configuration."
),
}
),
tool_call_id="",
status="error",
)
return _tool_message_for_request(error_message, request)
try:
return await run()
finally:
restored = await refresh_proxy_token(thread_id, permissions=RUNTIME_PROXY_TOKEN_PERMISSIONS)
if not restored:
await refresh_proxy_token(thread_id, permissions=BASE_RUNTIME_PROXY_TOKEN_PERMISSIONS)
class WorkflowPushGuardMiddleware(AgentMiddleware):
"""Require approval before pushing `.github/workflows` changes."""
state_schema = AgentState
def _change_for_request(self, request: ToolCallRequest) -> WorkflowPushChange | None:
if _tool_name(request) != "execute":
return None
command = _tool_args(request).get("command")
if not isinstance(command, str):
return None
parsed = _parse_git_push(command)
if parsed is None:
return None
if isinstance(parsed, _BlockedGitPush):
return WorkflowPushChange(
fingerprint="",
repo="",
branch="",
files=[],
head_sha="",
remote="origin",
local_ref="",
remote_ref="",
fixed_command="",
blocked=True,
blocked_reason=parsed.reason,
)
backend = _backend(_thread_id(request))
if backend is None:
return None
return _workflow_change_for_push(backend, parsed)
async def _handle_change_async(
self,
request: ToolCallRequest,
handler: Callable[[ToolCallRequest], Awaitable[ToolMessage | Command]],
change: WorkflowPushChange,
) -> ToolMessage | Command:
if change.blocked:
return _tool_message_for_request(_blocked_message(change, blocked=True), request)
thread_id = _thread_id(request)
state = await _approval_state(request, change)
if state == "approved" and thread_id:
safe_request = _override_execute_command(request, change.fixed_command)
return await _run_with_workflow_token(thread_id, request, lambda: handler(safe_request))
if state == "stale_approval":
record, _created = await ensure_workflow_push_pending(
thread_id,
fingerprint=change.fingerprint,
repo=change.repo,
branch=change.branch,
base_sha=change.base_sha,
head_sha=change.head_sha,
files=change.files,
)
await _post_slack_approval_if_needed(request, change, record)
return _tool_message_for_request(
_blocked_message(
change,
already_rejected=state == "rejected",
stale=state == "stale_approval",
),
request,
)
def wrap_tool_call(
self,
request: ToolCallRequest,
handler: Callable[[ToolCallRequest], ToolMessage | Command],
) -> ToolMessage | Command:
change = self._change_for_request(request)
if change is None:
return handler(request)
async def run_handler() -> ToolMessage | Command:
return handler(request)
return _run_coroutine_sync(
self._handle_change_async(request, lambda _request: run_handler(), change)
)
async def awrap_tool_call(
self,
request: ToolCallRequest,
handler: Callable[[ToolCallRequest], Awaitable[ToolMessage | Command]],
) -> ToolMessage | Command:
change = self._change_for_request(request)
if change is None:
return await handler(request)
return await self._handle_change_async(request, handler, change)